Kalidasa

 

KALIDASA

 

Kalidasa (कालिदास).
Flourished in the fourth or fifth century.
Wikipedia: English, French.
Categories: Theatre, Epic Poems, Minor Poems, Other Attributed Works, Reference.

 

THEATRE

Malavika and Agnimitra.
 (मालविकाग्निमित्रम् | Malavikagnimitram).
 Sanskrit and Prakrit: Tullberg (1840); • Pandit (1869); • Tarkavachaspati (1870); • Bollensen (1879); • Pandit (1889); • Ayyar (1896); • Kale (1918); • Parab (1935); • Sane-Godbole-Ursekar (1950, ed. 1959).
 English: The Málavikágnimitra (Charles Henry Tawney, 1875; revised in 1891); • The Mâlavikâgnimitra (Seshadri Ayyar, 1896; literal translation); • Malavika and Agnimitra (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920; summary); • Malavika and Agnimitra (Bela Bose, 1945); • Mālavikāgnimitra (Prabhakar Shankar Sane, G. H. Godbole and Harihar Sitaram Ursekar, 1950, ed. 1959); • Mālavikā and Agnimitra (Edwin Gerow, 1971, ed. 1984); • Malavikagnimitram: The Dancer and the King (Srinivas Reddy, 2015).
 French: Mâlavikâ et Agnimitra (Philippe-Édouard Foucaux, 1877); • Agnimitra et Mâlavikâ (Victor Henry, 1889); • Mālavikā et Agnimitra (Lyne Bansat-Boudon, 1996).

Urvashi Won by Valour.
 (विक्रमोर्वशीयम् | Vikramorvashiyam).
 Sanskrit and Prakrit: Calcutta (1830); • Lenz, vol. 1 and vol. 2 (1833–1834); • Bollensen (1846); • Williams (1849); • Vidyasagara (1873); • Pandit (1879); • Parab-Telang (1888); • Parab (1897); • Kale (1898, ed. 1991); • Velankar (1961).
 English: Vikrama and Urvasi, or The Hero and the Nymph (Horace Hayman Wilson, 1826); • Vikramorvaśí (Edward Byles Cowell, 1851); • The Vikramorvaśiya (Moreshwar Ramchandra Kale, 1898, ed. 1991; literal translation); • Vikramorvasie, or The Hero and the Nymph (Aurobindo Ghose, 1911); • Vikramorvaśiya, or Urvaśi Won by Valour (Dhruva Sumanas, 1912); • Urvashi (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920; summary); • Vikrama and Urvashi (Bela Bose, 1945); • Urvaśī Won by Valor (David Gitomer, 1984); • How Úrvashi Was Won (Velcheru Narayana Rao and David Dean Shulman, 2009); • Vikramorvashiyam: Quest for Urvashi (A. N. D. Haksar, 2021).
 French: Vicrama et Ourvasî, ou le héros et la nymphe (Alexandre Langlois, 1828; from Wilson’s English translation); • Vikrama et Ourvaçi (Hippolyte Fauche, 1859); • Ourvaçi donnée pour prix de l’héroïsme (Philippe-Édouard Foucaux, 1861; see also 1879); • Urvaśī conquise par la vaillance (Lyne Bansat-Boudon, 1996).

The Recognition of Shakuntala.
 (अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम् | Abhijnanashakuntalam).
 Sanskrit and Prakrit: Vidyaratna (1822); • Chézy (1830); • Böthlingk (1842); • Williams (1853; revised in 1876); • Burkhard, vol. 1 and vol. 2 (1872); • Pischel (1877; see also 1922); • Godbole-Parab (1883; revised in 1886 and 1891); • Patankar (1889); • Kale (1898, ed. 1994); • Patankar (1902); • Gajendragadkar (1950); • Belvalkar (1965); • Kanjilal (1980).
 English: Sacontalá, or The Fatal Ring (William Jones, 1789, ed. 1790; see also 1792, 1870 and 1902); • Sakuntala (Nabinchandra Vidyaratna, 1822); • Śakuntalá, or Śakuntalá Recognized by the Ring (Monier Williams, 1853; literal translation; see also 1876); • Śakoontalá, or The Lost Ring (Monier Williams, 1855; literary translation; see also 1872 and 1885); • Abhijnánaśákuntala (Parasurama Narayana Patankar, 1889; literal translation; revised in 1902); • Shakuntala, or The Recovered Ring (August Hjalmar Edgren, 1894); • Abhijnānaśākuntala (Moreshwar Ramchandra Kale, 1898, ed. 1994; literal translation); • Sakuntala, or The Lost Ring (James George Jennings, 1902; adaptation); • Sakuntala (Harinath De, 1907; rhymed verse; acts I–II); • Shakuntala (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920); • Sakuntala (Kedar Nath Das Gupta and Laurence Binyon, 1919, ed. 1920; adaptation); • Shakuntala, or The Lost Token (Bela Bose, 1945); • Abhijñāna-Śakuntala (Murray Barnson Emeneau, 1962); • Śakuntalā (Michael Coulson, 1981); • Śakuntalā and the Ring of Recollection (Barbara Stoler Miller, 1984); • Abhijnānaśākuntalam (The Recognition of Śakuntalā) (Chandra Rajan, 1989, ed. 2006); • The Recognition of Śakuntalā (W. J. Johnson, 2001); • The Recognition of Shakúntala (Somadeva Vasudeva, 2006); • Abhijnanashakuntalam: The Recognition of Shakuntala (Vinay Dharwadker, 2016).
 French: Sacontala, ou l’anneau fatal (Antoine-André Bruguière, 1803; from Jones’s English translation); • La reconnaissance de Sacountala (Antoine-Léonard Chézy, 1830; revised in 1832); • Sacountala (Théophile Gautier, 1858; adaptation, ballet libretto); • La reconnaissance de Çakountala (Hippolyte Fauche, 1860); • La reconnaissance de Sakountalâ (Philippe-Édouard Foucaux, 1867); • Sacountalâ (Abel Bergaigne and Paul Lehugeur, 1884); • L’anneau de Çakuntalâ (André-Ferdinand Herold, 1896; adaptation); • Sakountala (Léon Thévenin, 1910; adaptation; music by Albert Bertelin); • L’anneau de Sakountala (Maurice Pottecher, 1914; adaptation); • Sakountala (Alfred Mortier, 1919; adaptation); • Sakountalâ (Franz Toussaint, 1922; adaptation); • Çakuntalâ (Frans de Ville, 1943); • Śakuntalā au signe de reconnaissance (Lyne Bansat-Boudon, 1996).

 

EPIC POEMS

The Birth of Kumara.
 (कुमारसम्भवम् | Kumarasambhavam).
 Epic poem in 17 cantos. Only the first eight cantos are attributed to Kalidasa. The eighth one was omitted in the first editions.
 Sanskrit: Stenzler (1838; cantos I–VII); • Tarkaratna-Badantabagisha (1869; cantos I–VII); • Parab (1879, ed. 1893; cantos I–VIII); • Kale-Dharadhara (1907; cantos I–V); • Kale (1923, ed. 1981; cantos I–VIII); • Pansikar (1927).
 English: The Birth of the War-God (Ralph Griffith, 1853; rhymed verse; cantos I–VII; see also 1879); • Kumara Sambhavam, or The Birth of War-God (anonymous, 1901); • The Birth of the War-God (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920; summary and excerpts); • Kumārasambhava (Moreshwar Ramchandra Kale, 1923, ed. 1981; cantos I–VIII); • The Origin of the Young God (Hank Heifetz, 1985).
 French: Le Koumara-Sambhava (Hippolyte Fauche, 1860; cantos I–VII); • La naissance de Kumara (Bernadette Tubini, 1958).

The Raghu Dynasty.
 (रघुवंशम् | Raghuvansham).
 Epic poem in 19 cantos.
 Sanskrit: Calcutta (1832); • Stenzler (1832); • Vidyasagar (1853, ed. 1861); • Pandit, vol. 1, vol. 2 and vol. 3 (1869–1874); • Nandargikar (1885, ed. 1897); • Parab (1886, ed. 1888; see also 1892); • Kale (1895); • Patankar (1896; cantos I–V); • Pansikar (1905); • Bonnerjee (1911; expurgated); • Devadhar (1985).
 English: The Raghuvanśa (Gopal Raghunath Nandargikar, 1885, ed. 1897; literal translation); • Raghuvamśa (Parasurama Narayana Patankar, 1896; literal translation; cantos I–V); • Raghu Vamsha, or An Account of the Family of Raghu (anonymous, 1901); • The Raghuvança: The Story of Raghu’s Line (Pierce de Lacy Johnstone, 1902; blank verse); • The Dynasty of Raghu (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920; summary and excerpts); • Raghuvamśa (Chintaman Ramchandra Devadhar, 1985); • Raghuvamsam: The Line of Raghu (A. N. D. Haksar, 2016).
 French: Le Raghou-Vança (Hippolyte Fauche, 1859); • Le Raghuvamça (la lignée des fils du soleil) (Louis Renou, 1928).

 

MINOR POEMS

The Cloud Messenger.
 (मेघदूतम् | Meghadutam).
 Sanskrit: Wilson (1813; revised in 1843; see also 1867); • Gildemeister (1841); • Stenzler (1874); • Vidyasagara (1874); • Sadhale (1894); • Pathak (1894); • Hultzsch (1911); • Kale (1916, ed. 1999); • De (1957; revised by Raghavan in 1970).
 English: The Mégha Dúta, or Cloud Messenger (Horace Hayman Wilson, 1813; rhymed verse; see also 1814, 1843, 1867 and 1902; completed by Upendra Lal Das in 1890); • The Messenger Cloud (Ralph Griffith, 1868; rhymed verse); • The Megha Dūta, or Cloud Messenger (Henry Aimé Ouvry, 1868); • Meghadûta, the Cloud Messenger (Thomas Clark, 1882); • The Cloud Messenger (Annadaprasad Basu, 1885; verse); • The Meghadūta (Kashinath Bapu Pathak, 1894; literal translation); • The Meghaduta (anonymous, 1894); • The Cloud Messenger (Robert Watson Frazer, 1896; adaptation); • The Cloud-Messenger, or The Exile’s Message (Suresa Chandra Sarkar, 1906; verse); • The Cloud-Messenger (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920); • Meghaduta, or Cloud-Messenger (Krishnarao Mahadeva Joglekar, 1916; literal translation, preceded by notes); • The Meghadūta (Moreshwar Ramchandra Kale, 1916, ed. 1999); • The Cloud-Messenger (Charles King, 1930); • The Meghadūta (George Harry Rooke, 1935); • The Cloud Messenger (Franklin and Eleanor Edgerton, 1964); • The Transport of Love (Leonard Nathan, 1976); • Meghadūtam (The Cloud Messenger) (Chandra Rajan, 1989, ed. 2006); • The Cloud Messenger (James Mallinson, 2006); • Meghadutam: The Cloud Message (Srinivas Reddy, 2017); • Meghaduta: The Cloud Messenger (Abhay Kumar, 2021); • The Cloud of Longing (Rick Jarow, 2021).
 French: Analyse du Mégha-Doûtah (Antoine-Léonard Chézy, 1817; analysis and excerpts); • Le Mégha-Douta (Hippolyte Fauche, 1859); • Le nuage messager (André Lefèvre, 1866; rhymed verse); • Meghadûta : le nuage messager (Armand Guérinot, 1902); • Méghadouta (le nuage messager) (Marcelle Lalou, 1921); • Meghadūta (le nuage messager) (Raoul-Henri Assier de Pompignan, 1938).

The Cycle of Seasons (doubtful).
 (ऋतुसंहारम् | Ritusanharam).
 Poem in six cantos.
 Sanskrit: Calcutta (1792; in Bengali characters); • Bohlen (1840); • Vallabha Panta (1869); • Vidyasagara (1872); • Godbole-Paraba-Bhanapa (1885); • Godbole (1906); • Upadhye-Kale (1916); • Gajendragadkar (1916); • Pansikar (1917); • Kreyenborg (1924); • Nerurkar (1966).
 English: Ritu Sanhara, or Assemblage of Seasons (Satyam Jayati [Henry Aimé Ouvry], 1867; blank verse); • Ritu Samhara, or An Account of Seasons (anonymous, 1901); • The Seasons (Arthur William Ryder, 1912, ed. 1920; summary and excerpts); • A Circle of the Seasons (Edward Powys Mathers, 1929; translated “from various European sources”); • Ritusamhara, or The Pageant of the Seasons (Ranjit Sitaram Pandit, 1947; verse; completed in 1942); • The Cycle of the Seasons (Shankar Mokashi-Punekar, 1966; verse); • Rtusamhāram (The Gathering of the Seasons) (Chandra Rajan, 1989, ed. 2006); • Ritusamharam: A Gathering of Seasons (A. N. D. Haksar, 2018).
 French: Le Ritou-Sanhara (Hippolyte Fauche, 1850; see also 1860); • La ronde des saisons (Émile Steinilber-Oberlin, 1925); • Ṛtusaṃhāra (les saisons) (Raoul-Henri Assier de Pompignan, 1938).

 

OTHER ATTRIBUTED WORKS

 The works below are most likely of spurious attribution.

Nalodaya.
 (नलोदय | Nalodaya).
 Epic poem in four cantos.
 Sanskrit: Calcutta (1813); • Benary (1830); • Yates (1844).
 English: The Nalódaya, or History of King Nala (William Yates, 1844; blank verse).
 French: Le Nalaudaya (Hippolyte Fauche, 1860).

Shringaratilaka.
 (शृङ्गारतिलकम् | Shringaratilakam).
 Sanskrit: Gildemeister (1841); • Sen-Gupta (1871); • Pansikar (1917).
 English: Love Has Horns (John Roberts, 1999).
 French: Le tilaka de l’amour (Hippolyte Fauche, 1859).

Shrutabodha.
 (श्रुतबोध | Shrutabodha).
 Sanskrit: Lancereau (1854, ed. 1855).
 French: Sroutabodha (Édouard Lancereau, 1854; see also 1855); • Le Çrouta-Baudha (Hippolyte Fauche, 1860).

 

REFERENCE

Keralapura Krishnamoorthy:
Kālidāsa (1972).
 English: 1972.

 

Created on 31 March 2023. Updated on 21 April 2023.